The present paper is an attempt to recognize the social- economic features of INFORMAL SECTOR in Tabriz metropole. The results obtained show that this phenomenon is complicated and its importance in urban economy is such that cannot be ignored. The INFORMAL SECTOR has attracted the significant number of people in Tabriz and plays a major role in the economy of the metropole. In this study the descriptive- surveying method has been used which has been observed random applying the documental and field studies through filling 350 questionnaires (277 men and 73 women). Through exploiting the descriptive statistical and inferential methods as well as GIS system, the data have been analyzed. Findings indicate that in Tabriz metropole: 1-Distribution of geographical activities in INFORMAL SECTOR is not monotonous. 2-The education of most people employed in INFORMAL SECTOR is under diploma. 3- There is a relationship between the activities in INFORMAL SECTOR and rural-urban immigration. 4-Most of the employees in the mentioned SECTOR reside in squatter settlements and others in other parts of the city. 7- Most of the employees in the above SECTOR are married and middle-age. 5-There is a relationship between unemployment and occupation in the INFORMAL SECTOR. 6-There is a difference between females and males, activities in the mentioned SECTOR. 8-Most of the employees in INFORMAL SECTOR do not pay tax. 9-Most of occupants of this SECTOR face problems such as job dissatisfaction and not being insured.

Some economic activities which are located in INFORMAL economy are formed out of the zone of formal economy, governmental controls and rules regulating economic relations. Due to lack of requirement to capital and high skill and expertise, low costs of production, free competition and lack of various rules theses activities are full of attraction for most of unskilled and illiterate labor force and considerably adjust the pressures on labor market. Some of the most important of these activities by the name of INFORMAL SECTOR have high portion of employment and production in INFORMAL economy such as home jobs and industries, pedlary and hawking. Investigation of the employer's situation in INFORMAL section and their traits, determinant factors and survey the ways of organizing it, are the result of a field study as. stratified random sampling, and data descriptive analysis throughout Mashhad that are summarized in the present paper. The results show that because of different reasons such as centralization of old and a little young population, widespread illiteracy or low literacy and lack of sufficient skill and expertise, it is impossible to neglect theses jobs or attract them into the activities of formal economy section which requires literate and expert labor force in appropriate age.So organizing these jobs can first limit the negative effects and secondly spread the positive effects of these activities.

In light of recent price swings in oil and the need to reduce the country's dependency on the commodity, the government of Nigeria has implemented a number of reforms and initiatives to stimulate the non-oil SECTOR of the economy, most notably the INFORMAL SECTOR. Government financial support as interventions would have otherwise been a relief in changing the narrative of ugly financial accessibility of participants in the INFORMAL SECTOR. The level of financial accessibility and its relationship to the economic performance of participants in the INFORMAL SECTOR have been largely understudied. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to assess the shortcomings of current government interventions in the INFORMAL SECTOR and to provide a viable financial intervention structure to address these issues. This research included both primary and secondary sources of information. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data from respondents. A total of 700 INFORMAL SECTOR participant who are mainly SMEs operators, 300 registered and 400 unregistered, were chosen using a purposeful selection technique from the six states of Southwest Nigeria. Data was examined in two ways using SPSS: descriptive and inferential. Thus, the study showed the flaws of the past interventions, such as a faulty programme design, bias in the distribution of financing facilities, a lack of knowledge about the facilities, and convoluted procedures for gaining government funding support.

Background: This study aims to promote occupational health in the INFORMAL SECTOR in Thailand by using a participatory approach. The success of the intervention is based on an evaluation of the INFORMAL SECTOR workers, a) knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in occupational health and safety, b) work practice improvement, and c) working condition improvement.Methods: This study applies the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method. The participants of the study consisted of four local occupations in different regions of Thailand, including a ceramic making group in the North, a plastic weaving group in the Central region, a blanket making group in the Northeast, and a pandanus weaving group in the South. Data was collected using both qualitative and quantitative methods through questionnaires, industrial hygiene instruments, and group discussions.Results: The results showed that the working conditions of the INFORMAL SECTOR were improved to meet necessary standards after completing the participatory process. Also, the post-test average scores on 1) the occupational health and safety knowledge, attitudes and behaviors measures and 2) the work practice improvement measures were significantly higher than the pre-test average scores (p<0.05).Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the participatory approach is an effective tool to use when promoting the health safety of the INFORMAL SECTOR and when encouraging the workers to voluntarily improve the quality of their own lives.

In this paper, in the first part, we have reviewed the literature on the INFORMAL economy form the point of view of the causes, impacts on the formal SECTOR and methods of estimation. In the second part, by using a cross- country econometric model, consisted of 63 countries, we have worked on the determinats of the size INFORMAL economy. The results indicate that, the tax burden, regulation intensity, government intervention, corruption and rent-seeking are significant elements in explaining the behavior of the INFORMAL economy.

Women empowerment (WE) in food security is one of the global issues faced by women in all the countries of the world. Achievement of zero-hunger goal of Sustainable Development Goals in 2030 (SDG) still seems to be unachievable because of this food insecurity. This research aims to study the achievement of food security by enhancing WE in the INFORMAL SECTOR in Lahore, Pakistan. Moreover, the analysis goals are to determine the contribution of microcredit facilities and management skills in the enhancement of WE which improves food security. Method: This study was quantitative and descriptive. Using a primary survey questionnaire on cross-sectional data source by simple random sampling, 495 women borrowers in the INFORMAL SECTOR of Lahore, Pakistan were investigated. Data analysis was done using SMART PLS3. Results: The results of the study revealed a positive relationship between WE and food security through the active participation of women in production decisions. The utilization of resources within the households is strengthened by familial rights, social support, and the removal of gender disparity. Conclusion: Women's capacity to contribute more to the daily household expenditure is increased by the higher income, and eventually, it increases their empowerment and food security.